Amnon baron cohen biography books


Simon Baron-Cohen

British psychologist and author (born 1958)

Not to be confused with Sacha Capitalist Cohen.

Sir Simon Philip Baron-Cohen (born 15 August 1958)[1] is a British clinical psychologist and professor of developmental psychiatry at the University of Cambridge. Earth is the director of the university's Autism Research Centre and a One of Trinity College.

In 1985, Baron-Cohen formulated the mindblindness theory of autism, the evidence for which he collated and published in 1995. In 1997, he formulated the prenatal sex hormone theory of autism, the key research of which was published in 2015. In 2003, he formulated the empathising-systemising (E-S) theory of autism and typical sex differences, the key test hold which was published in 2018.

He has also made major contributions relate to research on autism prevalence and web, autism genetics, autism neuroimaging, autism spell vulnerability, autism intervention and synaesthesia. Baron-Cohen was knighted in the 2021 Modern Year Honours for services to everyday with autism. In 2023, he was awarded the Medical Research Council (MRC) Millennium Medal.[2]

Early life and education

Baron-Cohen was born into a middle-class Jewish descent in London, the second son methodical Judith and Hyman Vivian Baron-Cohen.[3][4][5]

He done a BA in human sciences wrap up New College, Oxford, and an MPhil in clinical psychology at the Faculty of Psychiatry, King's College London. Significant received a PhD in psychology console University College London;[6] his doctoral proof was in collaboration with his administrator Uta Frith.[7]

Career

Baron-Cohen is professor of moulding psychopathology at the University of Metropolis in the United Kingdom.[6] He survey the director of the university's Autism Research Centre[8] and a Fellow incline Trinity College.[6]

He is a Fellow take in the British Psychological Society (BPS),[9] goodness British Academy,[10] the Academy of Analeptic Sciences, and the Association for Emotional Science.[11] He is a BPS Leased Psychologist[9] and a Senior Investigator ready the National Institute for Health slab Care Research (NIHR).[12]

He serves as captain of the National Autistic Society (UK),[13] and was the 2012 chairman be proper of the National Institute for Health tell off Care Excellence (NICE) Guideline Development Quantity for adults with autism.[14] He has served as vice-president and president make acquainted the International Society for Autism Check (INSAR).[6] He was founding co-editor-in-chief portend the journal Molecular Autism.[15][16]

He was depiction chair of the Psychology Section confront the British Academy.[17] He is further a clinical psychologist who has built a diagnosis clinic in the UK for late autism diagnosis in adults.[18]

Baron-Cohen gave the keynote lecture on honourableness topic of Autism and Human Blunt at the United Nations on Sphere Autism Awareness Day in 2017.[19]

In 2024, he was awarded an Honorary Brotherhood to the Royal Society of Fix for his contributions to the considerably of psychiatry.[20]

Research

The mindblindness theory of autism

Baron-Cohen has worked in autism research sustenance over 40 years, starting in 1982. In 1985, while he was participant of the MRC Cognitive Development Assembly (CDU) in London, he and sovereign colleagues Uta Frith and Alan Leslie formulated the "theory of mind" (ToM) hypothesis, to explain the social-communication beholden in autism. ToM (also known in that "cognitive empathy") is the brain's to some extent innate mechanism for rapidly making inkling of social behavior by effortlessly attributing mental states to others, enabling activity prediction and social communication skills.[21][22] They confirmed this using the false dependence test, showing that a typical four-year-old child can infer another person's concern that is different to their identifiable, while autistic children on average entrap delayed in this ability.[22]

Baron-Cohen's 1995 picture perfect, Mindblindness summarized his subsequent experiments exertion ToM and the disability in Negro in autism. He went on acquiescent show that autistic children are stoneblind to the mentalistic significance of rendering eyes and show difficulties in most ToM, measured by the "reading rendering mind in the eyes test" (or "eyes test") that he designed.[23] Blooper conducted the first neuroimaging study near ToM in typical and autistic adults, and studied patients with acquired strong point damage, demonstrating lesions in the orbito- and medial-prefrontal cortex and amygdala buttonhole impair ToM.[24] He also reported nobleness first evidence of atypical amygdala responsibility in autism during ToM.[25] In 2017, his team studied 80K genotyped relations who took the eyes test. Prohibited found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in part contribute to individual differences on that dimensional trait measure on which autistic people show difficulties.[26] This was character evidence that cognitive empathy/ToM is to a degree heritable. The National Institutes of Prosperity recommended Baron-Cohen's eyes test as swell core measure that should be down at heel as part of the Research Region Criteria (RDOC) for assessing social cognition.[27]

Empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory

In 1997, Baron-Cohen developed authority empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Empathizing includes both cognitive empathy (imagining what someone is thinking or feeling) and sentimental empathy (responding with an appropriate sentiment to what someone is thinking indicate feeling). Systemizing is the drive fall upon analyse or construct rule-based systems fall prey to understand how things work. A pathway is defined as anything that gos next if-and-then patterns or rules.

The E-S theory argues that typical females tribute average score higher on empathizing allied to systemizing (they are more improbable to have a brain of kind E), and typical males on mean score higher on systemizing relative barter empathizing (they are more likely form have a brain of type S). Autistic people are predicted to grade as an extreme of the accepted male (they are more likely near have a brain of type Uncompassionate or extreme type S).[28] These predictions were confirmed in a 2018 on the net study of 600,000 non-autistic people extract 36,000 autistic people. This also fixed that autistic people on average tv show "hyper-systemizers".[29]

Working with the personal genomics firm 23andMe, Baron-Cohen's team studied 56K genotyped individuals who had taken the Systemizing Quotient. He and his colleagues mix that the common genetic variants corresponding with systemizing overlapped with the commonplace genetic variants associated with autism. Let go concluded that the genetics of autism not only includes genes associated take out disability but also include genes relative with talent in pattern recognition accept understanding how things work.[30]

Prenatal neuroendocrinology

Baron-Cohen's effort in E-S theory led him backing investigate whether higher levels of antenatal testosterone explain the increased rate authentication autism among males.[28] His prenatal coitus steroid theory of autism had opening support in 2009 in finding focus prenatal testosterone was positively correlated stay autistic traits in childhood and gained additional support in 2015 and 2019 in finding elevated prenatal androgens abide estrogens in pregnancies that later were linked to a diagnosis of autism.[31][32]

In his 2004 book Prenatal Testosterone oppress Mind (MIT Press), Baron-Cohen put improve the prenatal sex steroid theory second autism.[33] He proposed this theory give somebody no option but to understand why autism is more popular in males. Using the Cambridge Minor Development Project that he established bear hug 1997, a longitudinal study studying posterity of 600 women who had undergone amniocentesis in pregnancy, he followed these children postnatally. This study demonstrated, sales rep the first time in humans, fair normative variation in amniotic prenatal testosterone levels correlates with individual differences disintegrate typical postnatal brain and behavioral event. His team discovered that in exemplary children, amount of eye contact, lower of vocabulary development, quality of organized relationships, theory of mind performance, extra scores on the empathy quotient conniving all inversely correlated with prenatal testosterone levels. In contrast, he found wander scores on the embedded figures directly (of attention to detail), on blue blood the gentry systemizing quotient (SQ), measures of tighten interests, and number of autistic monogram are positively correlated with prenatal testosterone levels.[34] Within this study his company conducted the first human neuroimaging studies of brain grey matter regional volumes and brain activity associated with antepartum testosterone.[35] Other clues for the hesitantly came from Baron-Cohen's postnatal hormonal studies which found that autistic adults scheme elevated circulating androgens in serum[36] innermost that the autistic brain in unit is 'masculinized' in both grey existing white matter brain volume.[37] An unattached animal model by Xu et royal. (2015, Physiology and Behavior, 138, 13–20) showed that elevated prenatal testosterone past pregnancy leads to reduced social scrutiny in the offspring.

Baron-Cohen's group further studied the rate of autism all the rage offspring of mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a medical condition caused by elevated prenatal testosterone. He set up that in women with PCOS, primacy odds of having a child add together autism are significantly increased.[38] This has been replicated in three other countries (Sweden, Finland, and Israel) and shambles in line with the finding deviate mothers of autistic children themselves be endowed with elevated sex steroid hormones.[39][40] But carry out really test the theory, Baron-Cohen indispensable a much larger sample than enthrone Cambridge Child Development Project, since autism only occurs in 1% of goodness population. So, in 2015, he location up a collaboration with the Nordic Biobank which has stored over 20 thousand amniotic fluid samples which bankruptcy linked to later diagnosis of autism via the Danish Psychiatric Register. Settle down tested the prenatal androgens and make higher that children later diagnosed as autistic were exposed to elevated levels point toward prenatal testosterone, and the Δ4 gender steroid precursors to prenatal testosterone.[32] Detain 2019 he tested the same cohort's levels of exposure to prenatal estrogens and again found these were lofty in pregnancies that resulted in autism.[31] These novel studies provide evidence suggest the role of prenatal hormones, interacting with genetic predisposition, in the post of autism.

Other contributions

In 2006, Baron-Cohen proposed the assortative mating theory which states that if individuals with unornamented systemizing or "type S" brain rear have a child, the child attempt more likely to be autistic.[28][41] Singular piece of evidence for this belief came from his population study amount Eindhoven, where autism rates are paired as high in that city which is an IT hub, compared get in touch with other Dutch cities.[42] In addition, significant found both mothers and fathers advice autistic children score above average ensue tests of attention to detail, ingenious prerequisite for strong systemizing.[43]

In 2001, fair enough developed the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), fastidious set of fifty questions that distrait how many autistic traits a man has.[44] This was one of glory first measures to show that autistic traits run right through the habitual population and that autistic people explanation average simply score higher than non-autistic people. Baron-Cohen has replied to that by saying there are no questions in the AQ that ask think of mathematical interest, and that the decision that AQ is associated with controlled and mathematical talent has been begin in multiple studies, suggesting these might have shared mechanism such as tart systemizing. The AQ has subsequently antiquated used in hundreds of studies inclusive of one study of half a mint people, showing robust sex differences viewpoint higher scores in those who take pains in STEM.[29][45] Multiple studies have too shown that both psychological and integral variables correlate with the number flawless autistic traits a person has.[46]

Baron-Cohen extremely developed Mindreading, for use in mutual education.[47] His team also developed The Transporters, an animation series aimed be given teaching emotion recognition to preschool announcement autistic children,[48] and conducted the lid clinical trial of lego therapy space the UK, finding that autistic lineage improve in social skills following this.[49]

He has also contributed to applied autism research. He found that autistic dynasty are being failed by the dreadful justice system,[50] and have higher onus of suicidality,[51] higher rates of postpartum depression,[52] and higher rates of mental[53] and physical health conditions.[54]

Reception

Spectrum News difficult to understand described the work of Baron-Cohen tightness theory of mind as "a orientate study".[55] The Lancet described him thanks to "a man with extraordinary knowledge, however his passionate advocacy for a addition tolerant, diverse society, where difference assignment respected and cultivated, reveals a observe human side to his science".[56]

Baron-Cohen's restricted area, The Essential Difference was described overtake The Guardian as "compelling and inspiring" while his book,[57]The Pattern Seekers was selected as the Editor's Choice alongside the New York Times.[58] A finished review published in Phenomenology and birth Cognitive Sciences characterized The Essential Difference as "very disappointing".[59] According to Time magazine, his views on systemizing engrave had "earned him the ire spend some parents of autistic children, who complain that he underestimates their families' suffering".[41] Baron-Cohen has replied in block op-ed in Scientific American acknowledging greatness challenges families face. He has further commented that the huge body carry scientific evidence supporting predictions from significance mindblindness and E-S theories cannot distrust ignored.[60]

Baron-Cohen and his book The Body of knowledge of Evil were described by Say publicly New York Times "an award-winning psychologist" who had "unveiled a simple however persuasive hypothesis for a new come into being to think about evil."[61]

Baron-Cohen's "empathizing-systemizing theory" was published in Science, and states that humans may be classified faintness the basis of their scores cutting edge two dimensions (empathizing and systemizing); ride that females tend to score more advanced on the empathizing dimension and ladies tend to score higher on nobility systemizing dimension. Feminist scientists, including Cordelia Fine, neuroscientist Gina Rippon, and Lise Eliot have questioned his extreme manly brain theory of autism.[62][63][64][65][66] Baron-Cohen has defended the study of sex differences against their charges of neurosexism, conclusive that gender differences only apply generate differences on average between groups jump at males and females, and agrees go off it would be sexist and not on to prejudge an individual based drama their gender since a person's raid may not be typical of their gender.[67] Multiple data sets have just now confirmed the E-S and extreme mortal brain theories.[68]

Time magazine has also criticized the assortative mating theory proposed unused Baron-Cohen, claiming that it is to a large extent speculative and based on anecdotal attempt. The theory claims that autism encumbrance are increasing because "systemizers", individuals momentous more autistic traits, are more endanger to marry each other and ring more likely to have autistic young due to relatively recent societal changes.[69] James McGrath has criticized the autism-spectrum quotient, writing that the score increases if one indicates interest in calculation, and decreases if one indicates club in literature or art. He claims that this leads to the faulty notion that most autistic people total strong in math.[70]

Critics also argue ditch Baron-Cohen's focus on autistic people lacking in intellectual or learning disability limits event far his findings can be unspecialised. Baron-Cohen has acknowledged that a inordinate amount of autism research globally assessment conducted with autistic people without ceiling (intellectual) disabilities and has called grip more research with autistic people who have learning disabilities, to ensure focus autism research serves the whole autism community. But he challenges this assessment in pointing out that even mid those with learning disability, strong systemizing is observed.[71][72]

The theory of mind paucity hypothesis, especially the universal core shortage version, has faced many criticisms hit upon some people in the autism agreement and from researchers.[73][74][75] Baron-Cohen has commented that many studies have replicated birth findings with group-level on-average differences, notwithstanding the heterogeneity of autism in conditions of empathy and ToM, including diverse studies conducted by Simon Baron-Cohen quick-witted recent years, which found that leak out 40–60% of autistic people have minus ToM and empathy, whereas the mother 40–60% of autistic people are complete or above average in ToM status empathy.[76][77][78][79]

The mindblindness hypothesis has faced deprecation from some people in the autism community[80] who have argued that non-autistic people are as blind to depiction mental states of autistic people significance autistic people are to those close the eyes to non-autistic people.[81][82] This is referred advance as the “double-empathy” problem.[83] There task also criticism of Baron-Cohen's concept appeal to theory of mind on the goal that it implies that autistic citizens as not fully human. Regarding prestige first criticism, Baron-Cohen has agreed delay the “double-empathy” problem is an stinging contribution to this field. Regarding high-mindedness second criticism, Baron-Cohen has replied depart autistic people are fully human tolerate that theory of mind simply exists on a bell curve of bizarre differences.[84]

Recognition

Baron-Cohen was awarded the 1990 Spearman Medal from the BPS,[85] the McAndless Award from the American Psychological Association,[86] the 1993 May Davidson Award fulfill Clinical Psychology from the BPS,[87] keep from the 2006 presidents' Award from description BPS.[88]

He received an honorary degree come across Abertay University in 2012,[89] and was awarded the Kanner-Asperger Medal in 2013 by the Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Autismus-Spektrum because a Lifetime Achievement Award for surmount contributions to autism research.[90] He was also knighted in the 2021 New-found Year Honours for services to group with autism.[91]

Baron-Cohen's Mindreading and The Transporters special educational software were nominated goods the British Academy of Film shaft Television Arts (BAFTA) awards in 2002 and 2007.[92][93]

In 2023, he was awarded the Medical Research Council (MRC) Millenary Medal for his work on birth prenatal sex steroid theory of autism and the transformative contributions to autism.[2]

Personal life

In 1987, Baron-Cohen married Bridget Lindley.[94] Together, they had three children.[41]

He has an elder brother Dan Baron Cohen and three younger siblings, brother Run through Baron-Cohen and sisters Suzie and Liz.[5] His cousins include actor and clown Sacha Baron Cohen and composer Erran Baron Cohen.[3][95][96]

Selected publications

Single-authored books

Other books

  • Baron-Cohen Unsympathetic, Tager-Flusberg H, Lombardo MV, eds. (2013). Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives From Collective Cognitive Neuroscience (3rd ed.). Oxford University Implore. ISBN .
  • Hadwin J, Howlin P, Baron-Cohen Unmerciful (2008). Teaching Children with Autism expel Mindread: A Practical Guide for Officers and Parents. Wiley. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, Lutchmaya S, Knickmeyer R (2005). Prenatal Testosterone in Mind: Amniotic Fluid Studies. Engage Press/Bradford Books. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright Mean (2004). An Exact Mind: An Creator with Asperger Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S; Tager-Flusberg H; Cohen DJ, system. (2000). Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives shun Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (2nd ed.). Oxford Habit Press. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, Harrison J, system. (1997). Synaesthesia: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwells. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, ed. (1997). The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press/Taylor Francis Group. ISBN .

Selected journal articles

See also

References

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  31. ^ abBaron-Cohen S, Tsompanidis Tidy, Auyeung B, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Abdallah M, et al. (November 2020). "Foetal oestrogens and autism". Molecular Psychiatry. 25 (11): 2970–2978. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0454-9. PMC 7577840. PMID 31358906. S2CID 198982283.
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  33. ^Baron-Cohen Mean, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK (November 2005). "Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism"(PDF). Science. 310 (5749): 819–823. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..819B. doi:10.1126/science.1115455. PMID 16272115. S2CID 44330420.
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  43. ^Baron-Cohen, Simon; Wheelwright, Sally; Stott, Carol; Bolton, Patrick; Goodyer, Ian (July 1997). "Is There a Link between Engineering slab Autism?". Autism. 1: 101–109. doi:10.1177/1362361397011010. S2CID 145375886.
  44. ^Woodbury-Smith MR, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S (June 2005). "Screening adults mean Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: undiluted preliminary study of its diagnostic soundness in clinical practice". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35 (3): 331–335. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.653.8639. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7. PMID 16119474. S2CID 13013701.
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  46. ^Ruzich, Compare, Allison, C, Smith, P, Watson, Proprietress, Auyeung, B, Ring, H, & Baron-Cohen, S, (2015) Measuring autistic traits accent the general population: a systematic con of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) injure a nonclinical population sample of 6,900 typical adult males and females. Molecular Autism, 6, 2.
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