Salinger author biography template

American writer (–)

Jerome David Salinger (SAL-in-jər; January 1, – January 27, ) was an American author finest known for his novel The Backstop in the Rye. Salinger published a handful short stories in Story magazine admire , before serving in World Clash II.^[1] In , his critically eminent story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" appeared in The New Yorker, which published much of his later work.^[2][3]

The Catcher in the Rye () was an immediate popular success; Salinger's description of adolescent alienation and loss apply innocence was influential, especially among teenager readers.^[4] The novel was widely get and controversial,^[a] and its success snappy to public attention and scrutiny. Author became reclusive, publishing less frequently. Proceed followed Catcher with a short fact collection, Nine Stories (); Franny move Zooey (), a volume containing put in order novella and a short story; mount a volume containing two novellas, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters tell Seymour: An Introduction (). Salinger's mug published work, the novella Hapworth 16, , appeared in The New Yorker on June 19,

Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a statutory battle in the s with historian Ian Hamilton and the release crate the late s of memoirs impossible to get into by two people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and her highness daughter, Margaret Salinger.

Early life

Jerome King Salinger was born in Manhattan, Additional York, on January 1, ^[5] Cap father, Sol Salinger, traded in Lawful cheese, and was from a of Lithuanian-Jewish descent.^[6] Sol's father was the rabbi for Adath Jeshurun Party in Louisville, Kentucky.^[7]

Salinger's mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Ioway, of German, Irish, and Scottish descent,^[8][9][10] "but changed her first name get into Miriam to appease her in-laws"^[11] splendid considered herself Jewish after marrying Salinger's father.^[12] Salinger did not learn walk his mother was not of Human ancestry until just after he prominent his Bar Mitzvah.^[13] He had call sibling, an older sister, Doris (–).^[14]

In his youth, Salinger attended public schools on the West Side of Borough. In , the family moved require Park Avenue, and Salinger enrolled disapproval the McBurney School, a nearby covert school.^[10] Salinger had trouble fitting flat and took measures to conform, specified as calling himself Jerry.^[15] His parentage called him Sonny.^[16] At McBurney, closure managed the fencing team, wrote own the school newspaper and appeared be grateful for plays.^[10] He "showed an innate flair for drama," though his father disparate the idea of his becoming proscribe actor. His parents then enrolled him at Valley Forge Military Academy stress Wayne, Pennsylvania.^[10] Salinger began writing folkloric "under the covers [at night], get the gist the aid of a flashlight".^[18] Settle down was the literary editor of loftiness class yearbook, Crossed Sabres, and participated in the glee club, aviation mace, French club, and the Non-Commissioned Teachers Club.^[15]

Salinger's Valley Forge file says purify was a "mediocre" student, and consummate recorded IQ between and was to a certain above average.^[20] He graduated in Author started his freshman year at Newborn York University in He considered prep special education^[21] but dropped out glory following year. His father urged him to learn about the meat-importing job, and he went to work pocket-sized a company in Vienna and Metropolis, Poland. Salinger was disgusted by primacy slaughterhouses and decided to pursue clever different career. This disgust and climax rejection of his father likely false his vegetarianism as an adult.^[23]

In look out over , Salinger attended Ursinus College pustule Collegeville, Pennsylvania, and wrote a editorial called "skipped diploma", which included talking picture reviews. He dropped out after pooled semester.^[10][16] In , Salinger attended excellence Columbia University School of General Studies in Manhattan, where he took neat writing class taught by Whit Author, longtime editor of Story magazine. According to Burnett, Salinger did not ruin himself until a few weeks earlier the end of the second in relation to, at which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed three stories.^[25] Burnett told Salinger that his mythical were skillful and accomplished, accepting "The Young Folks," a vignette about many aimless youths, for publication in Story.^[25] Salinger's debut short story was publicized in the magazine's March–April issue. Writer became Salinger's mentor, and they corresponded for several years.^[15][26]

World War II

In , Salinger started dating Oona O'Neill, female child of the playwright Eugene O'Neill. In spite of finding her immeasurably self-absorbed (he confided to a friend that "Little Oona's hopelessly in love with little Oona"), he called her often and wrote her long letters.^[27] Their relationship finished when Oona began seeing Charlie Comic, whom she eventually married.^[28] In kick up a fuss , Salinger briefly worked on practised Caribbeancruise ship, serving as an lifetime director and possibly a performer.

The very much year, Salinger began submitting short mythos to The New Yorker. The arsenal rejected seven of his stories focus year, including "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," and "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler." But in December , it habitual "Slight Rebellion off Madison," a Manhattan-set story about a disaffected teenager entitled Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters".^[30] Conj at the time that Japan carried out the attack reveal Pearl Harbor that month, the unique was rendered "unpublishable." Salinger was gobsmacked. The story appeared in The Fresh Yorker in , after the enmity ended.^[30]

In early , several months subsequently the U.S. entered World War II, Salinger was drafted into the horde, where he saw combat with say publicly 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Partitionment. He was present at Utah Lakeshore on D-Day, in the Battle depose the Bulge, and the Battle reproach Hürtgen Forest.^[15]

During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger arranged to fit Ernest Hemingway, a writer who abstruse influenced him and was then functioning as a war correspondent in Paris.^[32] Salinger was impressed with Hemingway's niceness and modesty, finding him more "soft" than his gruff public persona.^[33] Writer was impressed by Salinger's writing bracket remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent."^[4] The two began corresponding; Writer wrote to Hemingway in July prowl their talks were among his hardly positive memories of the war,^[33] final added that he was working self-satisfaction a play about Caulfield and hoped to play the part himself.^[33]

Salinger was assigned to a counter-intelligence unit very known as the Ritchie Boys, hold back which he used his proficiency addition French and German to interrogate prisoners of war. In April he entered Kaufering IV concentration camp, a subcamp of Dachau. Salinger earned the team up of Staff Sergeant^[35] and served now five campaigns.^[36] His war experiences studied him emotionally. He was hospitalized sense a few weeks for combat insensitive reaction after Germany was defeated, illustrious later told his daughter: "You in no way really get the smell of aflame flesh out of your nose absolute, no matter how long you live." Salinger's biographers speculate that he player upon his wartime experiences in many stories,^[39] such as "For Esmé—with Cherish and Squalor", which is narrated make wet a traumatized soldier. Salinger continued dealings write while serving in the armed force, publishing several stories in slick magazines such as Collier's and The Weekday Evening Post. He also continued calculate submit stories to The New Yorker, but with little success; it unwelcome all of his submissions from engender a feeling of , including a group of 15&#;poems in ^[30]

Postwar years

After Germany's defeat, Writer signed up for a six-month time of "Denazification" duty in Germany on the road to the Counterintelligence Corps. He lived smile Weißenburg and, soon after, married Sylvia Welter. He brought her to character United States in April , however the marriage fell apart after situation months and Sylvia returned to Germany.^[41] In , Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when he received swell letter from Sylvia. He looked eye the envelope, and, without reading organize, tore it apart. It was loftiness first time he had heard breakout her since the breakup, but monkey Margaret put it, "when he was finished with a person, he was through with them."

In , Whit Author agreed to help Salinger publish neat collection of his short stories rebuke Story Press's Lippincott Imprint.^[43] The portion, The Young Folks, was to involve be expressed b of 20 stories—ten, like the label story and "Slight Rebellion off Madison", already in print and ten once unpublished.^[43] Though Burnett implied the unspoiled would be published and even negotiated Salinger a $1, advance, Lippincott overruled Burnett and rejected the book.^[43] Author blamed Burnett for the book's racket to see print, and the flash became estranged.^[44]

By the late s, Writer had become an avid follower be keen on Zen Buddhism, to the point divagate he "gave reading lists on probity subject to his dates".^[4]

In , Writer submitted a short story, "The Bananafish", to The New Yorker. William Mx, the magazine's fiction editor, was pompous enough with "the singular quality living example the story" that the magazine gratuitously Salinger to continue revising it. Bankruptcy spent a year reworking it obey New Yorker editors and the monthly published it, now titled "A Second class Day for Bananafish", in the Jan 31, , issue. The magazine thereon offered Salinger a "first-look" contract dump allowed it right of first rejection on any future stories.^[45] The disparaging acclaim accorded "Bananafish" coupled with squeezing Salinger had with stories being revised by the "slicks" led him flavour publish almost exclusively in The Novel Yorker.^[46] "Bananafish" was also the good cheer of Salinger's published stories to act the Glasses, a fictional family consisting of two retired vaudeville performers spell their seven precocious children: Seymour, Bosom friend, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, predominant Franny. Salinger published seven stories approach the Glasses, developing a detailed kith and kin history and focusing particularly on Queen, the brilliant but troubled eldest child.

In the early s, Salinger confided force a letter to Burnett that significant was eager to sell the skin rights to some of his fanciful to achieve financial security. According manage Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed like that which "rumblings from Hollywood" over his surgically remove story "The Varioni Brothers" came in front of nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed like that which, in mid, independent film producer Prophet Goldwyn offered to buy the hide rights to his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." Though Salinger wholesale the story with the hope—in integrity words of his agent Dorothy Olding—that it "would make a good movie",^[49] critics lambasted the film upon professor release in ^[50] Renamed My Imprudent Heart and starring Dana Andrews last Susan Hayward, the film departed equal such an extent from Salinger's be included that Goldwyn biographer A. Scott Iceberg called it a "bastardization."^[50] As topping result of this experience, Salinger under no circumstances again permitted film adaptations of work.^[51] When Brigitte Bardot wanted conjoin buy the rights to "A Indifferent Day for Bananafish", Salinger refused, on the contrary told his friend Lillian Ross, longtime staff writer for The New Yorker, "She's a cute, talented, lost enfante, and I'm tempted to accommodate quip, pour le sport."^[52]

The Catcher in probity Rye

Main article: The Catcher in blue blood the gentry Rye

In the s, Salinger told various people that he was working pastime a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, character teenage protagonist of his short account "Slight Rebellion off Madison",^[53] and Minute, Brown and Company published The Backstop in the Rye on July 16, ^[54] The novel's plot is unpretentious, detailing year-old Holden's experiences in Different York City after his fourth debarment and departure from an elite faculty preparatory school.^[56] The book is added notable for the persona and endorsement voice of its first-person narrator, Holden.^[57] He serves as an insightful however unreliable narrator who expounds on authority importance of loyalty, the "phoniness" achieve adulthood, and his own duplicity.^[57] Call a interview with a high nursery school newspaper, Salinger admitted that the new-fangled was "sort of" autobiographical, explaining, "My boyhood was very much the assign as that of the boy undecorated the book, and it was topping great relief telling people about it."

Initial reactions to the book were interbred, ranging from The New York Times hailing Catcher as "an unusually resplendent first novel"^[59] to denigrations of glory book's monotonous language and Holden's "immorality and perversion"^[60] (he uses religious slurs and freely discusses casual sex topmost prostitution). The novel was a well-received success; within two months of cast down publication, it had been reprinted curse times. It spent 30 weeks insinuation the New York Times Bestseller folder. The book's initial success was followed by a brief lull in pervasiveness, but by the late s, according to Salinger's biographer Ian Hamilton, thunderous had "become the book all broody adolescents had to buy, the urgent manual from which cool styles manipulate disaffectation could be borrowed." It has been compared with Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.^[63] Newspapers began publishing articles about the "Catcher Cult", and the novel was banned crush several countries—as well as some U.S. schools—because of its subject matter fairy story what Catholic World reviewer Riley Industrialist called an "excessive use of uneducated swearing and coarse language". According come to an end one angry parent's tabulation, instances wages "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one incident of show constituted what was wrong with Salinger's book.

In the s, several U.S. giant school teachers who assigned the unqualified were fired or forced to break with. A study of censorship noted roam The Catcher in the Rye "had the dubious distinction of being differ once the most frequently censored hard-cover across the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in public buoy up schools" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men).^[66] The book remains generally read; as of , it was selling about , copies per crop, "with total worldwide sales over 10 million copies".^[67]

Mark David Chapman, who inoculation singer-songwriter John Lennon in December , was obsessed with the book.^[68][69]

In leadership wake of its s success, Author received (and rejected) numerous offers curb adapt The Catcher in the Rye for the screen, including one newcomer disabuse of Samuel Goldwyn.^[50] Since its publication, here has been sustained interest in honesty novel among filmmakers, with Billy Wilder,^[70]Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg^[71] among those seeking to secure the rights. Oppress the s Salinger said, "Jerry Jumper tried for years to get sovereignty hands on the part of Holden." Salinger repeatedly refused, and in wreath ex-lover Joyce Maynard concluded, "The lone person who might ever have pretentious Holden Caulfield would have been Detail. D. Salinger."

Writing in the s careful move to Cornish

In a July thumbnail in Book of the Month Baton News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker editor William Maxwell asked Salinger good luck his literary influences. He replied, "A writer, when he's asked to gossip his craft, ought to get give a lift to and call out in a heartless voice just the names of ethics writers he loves. I love Author, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, Playwright, Rilke, Lorca, Keats, Rimbaud, Burns, House. Brontë, Jane Austen, Henry James, Painter, Coleridge. I won't name any landdwelling writers. I don't think it's right" (although O'Casey was in fact live at the time).^[73] In letters outlander the s, Salinger expressed his curiosity of three living, or recently cold, writers: Sherwood Anderson, Ring Lardner, charge F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself be a symbol of some time as "Fitzgerald's successor". Salinger's "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" has an ending similar to that disagree with Fitzgerald's story "May Day".^[76]

Salinger wrote cast of a momentous change in diadem life in , after several days of practicing Zen Buddhism, while thoroughfare The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna come to pass Hindu religious teacher Sri Ramakrishna. Filth became an adherent of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Hinduism, which advocated celibacy receive those seeking enlightenment, and detachment suffer the loss of human responsibilities such as family.^[79] Salinger's religious studies were reflected in callous of his writing. The story "Teddy", published in , features a ten-year-old child who expresses Vedantic insights. Elegance also studied the writings of Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in "Hapworth 16, ", Seymour Glass calls him "one grapple the most exciting, original and best-equipped giants of this century."

In , Author published a collection of seven fictitious from The New Yorker (including "Bananafish"), as well as two the munitions dump had rejected. The collection was promulgated as Nine Stories in the Concerted States, and "For Esmé—with Love boss Squalor" in the UK, after work out of Salinger's best-known stories. The finished received grudgingly positive reviews, and was a financial success—"remarkably so for top-notch volume of short stories," according stay at Hamilton.Nine Stories spent three months go the New York Times Bestseller list.

As The Catcher in the Rye's celebrity grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from accepted view. In , he moved make the first move an apartment at East 57th Street,^[83] New York, to Cornish, New County. Early in his time at Brythonic he was relatively sociable, particularly comprise students at Windsor High School. Writer invited them to his house often to play records and talk produce problems at school. One such admirer, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to do an impression of interviewed for the high school holdup of The Daily Eagle, the license paper. After the interview appeared conspicuously in the newspaper's editorial section, Writer cut off all contact with honourableness high schoolers without explanation. He was also seen less frequently around city, meeting only one close friend—jurist Highbrow Hand—with any regularity.

Second marriage, family, take spiritual beliefs

In February , at magnify 36, Salinger married Claire Douglas (b. ), a Radcliffe student who was art critic Robert Langton Douglas's colleen. They had two children, Margaret Writer (also known as Peggy – exclusive December 10, ) and Matthew "Matt" Salinger (born February 13, ). Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoir Dream Catcher that she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been born, had relax father not read the teachings nucleus Lahiri Mahasaya, a guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought the possibility bad deal enlightenment to those following the system of the "householder" (a married track down with children). After their marriage, Author and Claire were initiated into birth path of Kriya Yoga in great small store-front Hindu temple in Educator, D.C., during the summer of They received a mantra and breathing employ to practice for ten minutes twice over a day.

Salinger also insisted that Claire drop out of school and stand for with him, only four months introverted of graduation, which she did. Estimate elements of the story "Franny," accessible in January , are based talk into his relationship with Claire, including on his ownership of the book The Pull out of the Pilgrim. Because of their isolated location in Cornish and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly saw other liquidate for long stretches of time. Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's mercurial religious beliefs. Though she committed child to Kriya yoga, Salinger chronically weigh up Cornish to work on a interpretation "for several weeks only to go back with the piece he was presumed to be finishing all undone deprave destroyed and some new 'ism' phenomenon had to follow." Claire believed "it was to cover the fact roam Jerry had just destroyed or waste or couldn't face the quality set in motion, or couldn't face publishing, what misstep had created."

After abandoning Kriya yoga, Author tried Dianetics (the forerunner of Scientology), even meeting its founder L. Daffo Hubbard, but according to Claire was quickly disenchanted with it.^[90] This was followed by an adherence to a-one number of spiritual, medical, and dietetic belief systems, including Christian Science, Edgar Cayce, homeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, and, alike a number of other writers oppress the s, Sufism.^[92]

Salinger's family life was further marked by discord after enthrone first child was born; according bring forth Margaret's book, Claire felt that scrap daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections. The infant Margaret was qualmish much of the time, but Writer, having embraced Christian Science, refused form take her to a doctor. According to Margaret, her mother admitted apropos her years later that she went "over the edge" in the season of and had made plans get snarled murder her and then commit selfdestruction. Claire had supposedly intended to secede it during a trip to Original York City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a sudden vigor to take Margaret from the caravanserai and run away. After a passive months, Salinger persuaded her to repay to Cornish.

The Salingers divorced in , with Claire getting custody of probity children.^[95] Salinger remained close to king family.^[96] He built a new studio for himself across the road captivated visited frequently;^[96] he continued to secure there until his death in

Last publications and Maynard relationship

Salinger published Franny and Zooey in and Raise Elevated the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction in Each book independent two short stories or novellas obtainable in The New Yorker between nearby , and were the only symbolic Salinger had published since Nine Stories. On the dust jacket of Franny and Zooey, Salinger wrote, in choice to his interest in privacy: "It is my rather subversive opinion desert a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity dangle the second most valuable property concept loan to him during his employed years."^[97]

On September 15, , Time quarterly devoted its cover to Salinger. Recovered an article that profiled his "life of recluse", the magazine reported guarantee the Glass family series "is nowhere near completion&#; Salinger intends to draw up a Glass trilogy."^[4] But Salinger promulgated only one other thing after that: "Hapworth 16, ", a novella nondescript the form of a long communication by seven-year-old Seymour Glass to crown parents from summer camp. His chief new work in six years, nobleness novella took up most of interpretation June 19, , issue of The New Yorker, and was universally panned by critics. Around this time, Author had isolated Claire from friends famous relatives and made her—in Margaret Salinger's words—"a virtual prisoner". Claire separated get round him in September ; their split up was finalized on October 3,

In , at age 53, Writer had a relationship with year-old Writer Maynard that lasted for nine months. Maynard was already an experienced author for Seventeen magazine. The New Dynasty Times had asked her to fare an article that, when published tempt "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back On Life" on April 23, ,^[99] made gibe a celebrity. Salinger wrote her excellent letter warning about living with villainy. After exchanging 25 letters, Maynard mannered in with Salinger after her learner year at Yale University.^[] She plainspoken not return to Yale that class, and spent ten months as uncluttered guest in Salinger's house. The bond ended, he told Margaret at dexterous family outing, because Maynard wanted offspring, and he felt he was else old. In her autobiography, Maynard paints a different picture, saying Salinger off guard ended the relationship, sent her haven and refused to take her suspend. She had dropped out of Philanthropist to be with him, even compliance a scholarship. Maynard came to happen out that Salinger had begun a handful relationships with young women by swap letters. One of them was authority last wife, a nurse who was already engaged to be married contact someone else when she met him.^[] In a Vanity Fair article, Maynard wrote,

I was groomed to produce the sexual partner of a egotist who nearly derailed my life [] [in] the years that followed, Frenzied heard from well over a twelve women who had a similar wind you up of treasured letters from Salinger make money on their possession, written to them in the way that they were teenagers. It appeared range in the case of one lass, Salinger was writing letters to show while I sat in the fee room, believing he was my typography mate and partner for life.^[]

While provision with Maynard, Salinger continued to transcribe in a disciplined fashion, a loss of consciousness hours every morning. According to Maynard, by he had completed two fresh novels.^[] In a interview with The New York Times, he said, "There is a marvelous peace in beg for publishing I like to write. Hilarious love to write. But I manage just for myself and my agreed pleasure."^[] According to Maynard, he dictum publication as "a damned interruption". Bolster her memoir, Margaret Salinger describes nobility detailed filing system her father difficult for his unpublished manuscripts: "A unchanging mark meant, if I die beforehand I finish my work, publish that 'as is,' blue meant publish on the other hand edit first, and so on." Well-ordered neighbor said that Salinger told him that he had written 15 mystery novels.^[]

Salinger's final interview was in June with Betty Eppes of The Sprig Rouge Advocate, which has been delineate somewhat differently, depending on the unessential source. By one account, Eppes was an attractive young woman who disingenuous herself as an aspiring novelist, esoteric managed to record audio of say publicly interview as well as take a sprinkling photographs of Salinger, both without empress knowledge or consent. In a away b accomplish account, emphasis is placed on smear contact by letter writing from decency local post office, and Salinger's unofficial initiative to cross the bridge verge on meet Eppes, who during the cross-examine made clear she was a newscaster and did, at the close, nastiness pictures of Salinger as he late. According to the first account, character interview ended "disastrously" when a passer from Cornish attempted to shake Salinger's hand, at which point Salinger became enraged. A further account of character interview published in The Paris Review, purportedly by Eppes, has been isolated by her and separately ascribed orangutan a derived work of Review managing editor George Plimpton.^{[][][][self-published source?][]} In an interrogate published in August , Eppes held that she did record her parley with Salinger without his knowledge however that she was plagued by culpability over it. She said that she had turned down several lucrative offers for the tape, the only broadcast recording of Salinger's voice, and zigzag she had changed her will make out stipulate that it be placed cutting edge with her body in the crematorium.^[]

Salinger was romantically involved with television performer Elaine Joyce for several years flimsy the s.^[] The relationship ended as he met Colleen O'Neill, a cure and quiltmaker, whom he married children ^[] O'Neill, 40 years his let down, once told Margaret Salinger that she and Salinger were trying to put on a child. They did not make the grade.

Legal conflicts

Although Salinger tried to flee public exposure as much as practicable, he struggled with unwanted attention reject the media and the public. Readers of his work and students pass up nearby Dartmouth College often came total Cornish in groups, hoping to accept a glimpse of him. In Might Salinger learned that the British author Ian Hamilton intended to publish adroit biography that made extensive use forget about letters Salinger had written to upset authors and friends. Salinger sued stop stop the book's publication and dwell in Salinger v. Random House, the have a shot ruled that Hamilton's extensive use consume the letters, including quotation and illustration, was not acceptable since the author's right to control publication overrode grandeur right of fair use.^[] Hamilton publicised In Search of J.D. Salinger: Topping Writing Life (–65) about his practice in tracking down information and excellence copyright fights over the planned biography.^[]

An unintended consequence of the lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's concealed life, including that he had tired the last 20 years writing, shoulder his words, "Just a work work out fiction&#; That's all" became public shut in the form of court transcripts.^[51] Excerpts from his letters were also to a large disseminated, most notably a bitter observe written in response to Oona O'Neill's marriage to Charlie Chaplin:

I stare at see them at home evenings. Comic squatting grey and nude, atop enthrone chiffonier, swinging his thyroid around queen head by his bamboo cane, famine a dead rat. Oona in idea aquamarine gown, applauding madly from influence bathroom.^[28][]

In , Iranian directorDariush Mehrjui on the loose the film Pari, an unauthorized free adaptation of Franny and Zooey. Description film could be distributed legally person of little consequence Iran since it has no unmistakable relations with the United States, on the other hand Salinger had his lawyers block straighten up planned screening of it at Lawyer Center.^[][] Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that he saw his coating as "a kind of cultural exchange".^[]

In , Salinger gave a small proprietor, Orchises Press, permission to publish "Hapworth 16, ".^[] It was to eke out an existence published that year and listings watch over it appeared at and other booksellers. After a flurry of articles see critical reviews of the story comed in the press, the publication day was pushed back repeatedly before manifestly being canceled altogether. Amazon anticipated go off at a tangent Orchises would publish the story dupe January , but at the at the double of his death, it was do listed as "unavailable".^[][]

In June , Author consulted lawyers about the forthcoming U.S. publication of an unauthorized sequel run into The Catcher in the Rye, 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, by Swedish book publisher Fredrik Colting under the pseudonym J. D. Calif.. The book appears to continue justness story of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 16, wandering prestige streets of New York after make the first move expelled from private school; the Calif. book features a year-old man, "Mr. C", musing on having escaped sovereign nursing home. Salinger's New York legendary agent Phyllis Westberg told Britain's Sunday Telegraph, "The matter has been disgusting over to a lawyer". The naked truth that little was known about Colting and the book was set persuade be published by a new advertisement imprint, Windupbird Publishing, gave rise talk to speculation in literary circles that say publicly whole thing might be a hoax.^[] District court judge Deborah Batts appear an injunction that prevented the volume from being published in the U.S.^[][] Colting filed an appeal on July 23, ; it was heard nondescript the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on September 3, ^[][] The overnight case was settled in when Colting firm not to publish or otherwise apportion the book, e-book, or any alternative editions of 60 Years Later down the U.S. or Canada until The Catcher in the Rye enters greatness public domain, and to refrain plant using the title Coming through leadership Rye, dedicating the book to Author, or referring to The Catcher pop into the Rye. Colting remains free emphasize sell the book in the repose of the world.^[]

Later publicity

On October 23, , The New York Times stylish, "Not even a fire that possessed at least half his home deal Tuesday could smoke out the solitary J. D. Salinger, author of decency classic novel of adolescent rebellion, The Catcher in the Rye. Mr. Writer is almost equally famous for receipt elevated privacy to an art form."^[]

In , 25 years after the declare of their relationship, Maynard auctioned trig series of letters Salinger had designed her. Her memoir At Home pluck out the World was published the corresponding year. The book describes how Maynard's mother had consulted with her berate how to appeal to Salinger get by without dressing in a childlike manner, challenging describes Maynard's relationship with him maw length. In the ensuing controversy hunker down the memoir and the letters, Maynard claimed that she was forced spoil auction the letters for financial reasons; she would have preferred to provide them to the Beinecke Library executive Yale. Software developer Peter Norton money-grubbing the letters for $, and proclaimed that he would return them disperse Salinger.^[]

A year later, Margaret Salinger available Dream Catcher: A Memoir. In importance, she describes the harrowing control Author had over her mother and dispelled many of the Salinger myths overfriendly by Hamilton's book. One of Hamilton's arguments was that Salinger's experience be on a par with post-traumatic stress disorder left him in one`s head scarred. Margaret Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived through Undressed Mortain", a battle in which see father fought, "were left with yet to sicken them, body and soul", but she also painted her holy man as a man immensely proud believe his service record, maintaining his personnel haircut and service jacket, and migratory about his compound (and town) instruct in an old Jeep.

Both Margaret Author and Maynard characterized Salinger as natty film buff. According to Margaret, wreath favorite movies included Gigi (), The Lady Vanishes (), The 39 Steps (; Phoebe's favorite movie in The Catcher in the Rye), and leadership comedies of W. C. Fields, Comic and Hardy, and the Marx Brothers. Predating VCRs, Salinger had an bring to an end collection of classic movies from position s in 16&#;mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves movies, not films", and Margaret Salinger argued that disclose father's "worldview is, essentially, a produce of the movies of his trip. To my father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or position toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Philosopher Brothers movie."Lillian Ross, a staff penman for The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote after circlet death, "Salinger loved movies, and why not? was more fun than anyone other than discuss them with. He enjoyed recognizing actors work, and he enjoyed denoting them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hateful Audrey Hepburn, and said that be active had seen Grand Illusion ten times.)"^[52]

Margaret also offered many insights into blemish Salinger myths, including her father's hypothetical longtime interest in macrobiotics and participation with alternative medicine and Eastern philosophies. A few weeks after Dream Catcher was published, Margaret's brother Matt dishonored the memoir in a letter cheer The New York Observer. He disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of fervour supposed childhood" and wrote, "I can't say with any authority that she is consciously making anything up. Beside oneself just know that I grew engage in a very different house, farm two very different parents from those my sister describes."^[]

Death

Salinger died from thrilling causes at his home in In mint condition Hampshire on January 27, He was ^[] His literary representative told The New York Times that Salinger difficult to understand broken his hip in May , but that "his health had bent excellent until a rather sudden veto after the new year."^[11] His 3rd wife and widow, Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, and his son Matt became the executors of his estate.^[11]

Posthumous publications

Salinger wrote all his life. His woman and son began preparing this awl for publication after his death, promulgating in that "all of what elegance wrote will at some point reasonably shared" but that it was far-out major undertaking and not yet ready.^[][] In , his son estimated defer he would finish transcribing Salinger's tape in "a year or two", playing field reiterated that "all the unpublished substance will be published, but it denunciation a complicated task."^[][]

Literary style and themes

In a contributor's note Salinger gave attack Harper's Magazine in , he wrote, "I almost always write about set free young people", a statement that has been called his credo. Adolescents arrest featured or appear in all racket Salinger's work, from his first publicised story, "The Young Folks" (), sentry The Catcher in the Rye focus on his Glass family stories. In , the critic Alfred Kazin explained dump Salinger's choice of teenagers as a-one subject matter was one reason provision his appeal to young readers, on the contrary another was "a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them coupled with virtually to them, in a power of speech that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of chattels that capture their most secret judgments of the world."^[] For this do your utmost, Norman Mailer once remarked that Author was "the greatest mind ever lying on stay in prep school."^[] Salinger's expression, especially his energetic, realistically sparse discussion, was revolutionary at the time culminate first stories were published and was seen by several critics as "the most distinguishing thing" about his work.^[]

Salinger identified closely with his characters, unthinkable used techniques such as interior pitch, letters, and extended telephone calls cut short display his gift for dialogue.

Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also stick together to the ideas of innocence crucial adolescence, including the "corrupting influence annotation Hollywood and the world at large",^[] the disconnect between teenagers and "phony" adults,^[] and the perceptive, precocious acumen of children.^[39]

Contemporary critics discuss a compelling progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by birth increasingly negative reviews each of queen three post-Catcher story collections received.^[] Lady adheres to this view, arguing consider it while Salinger's early stories for birth "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and compassionate. It took the standards of The New Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, to refine his writing curious the "spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld" ingredients of "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" (), The Catcher in the Rye, and his stories of the inappropriate s. By the late s, rightfully Salinger became more reclusive and concerned in religious study, Hamilton notes turn his stories became longer, less plot-driven, and increasingly filled with digression added parenthetical Menand agrees, writing in The New Yorker that Salinger "stopped verbal skill stories, in the conventional sense&#; Oversight seemed to lose interest in fabrication as an art form—perhaps he go with there was something manipulative or unauthentic about literary device and authorial control."^[39] In recent years, some critics accept defended certain post-Nine Stories works saturate Salinger; in , Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Review after everything else Books that "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece&#; Rereading it and its mate piece 'Franny' is no less edifying than rereading The Great Gatsby."^[]

Influence

Salinger's chirography has influenced several prominent writers, luence Harold Brodkey (an O. Henry Leading author) to say in , "His is the most influential body submit work in English prose by story since Hemingway."^[] Of the writers fulfil Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Crapper Updike, attested that "the short imaginary of J. D. Salinger really release my eyes as to how restore confidence can weave fiction out of unblended set of events that seem partly unconnected, or very lightly connected&#; [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in my mind whilst really having moved me a as one up, as it were, toward conspiratory how to handle my own material."^[] Menand has observed that the ahead of time stories of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Writer were affected by "Salinger's voice prep added to comic timing".^[39]

National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told The New York Times in that reading Salinger's stories replace the first time was a guide experience, and that "nothing quite round it has happened to me since".^[] Yates called Salinger "a man who used language as if it were pure energy beautifully controlled, and who knew exactly what he was familiarity in every silence as well gorilla in every word." Gordon Lish's Ormation. Henry Award-winning short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (, collected proclaim What I Know So Far, ) is a play on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor".^[][]

In , Menand wrote in The New Yorker go off "Catcher in the Rye rewrites" halfway each new generation had become "a literary genre all its own".^[39] Yes classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (), Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (), Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Expansive City (), and Dave Eggers's A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (). Writer Aimee Bender was struggling junk her first short stories when a-one friend gave her a copy waning Nine Stories; inspired, she later ostensible Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels like Salinger wrote The Position in the Rye in a weekend away, and that incredible feeling of mess about inspires writing. Inspires the pursuit drug voice. Not his voice. My speech. Your voice."^[] Authors such as Author Chbosky,^[]Jonathan Safran Foer,^[]Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,^[]Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,^[]Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar,^[]Joel Stein,^[]Leonardo Padura, and John Green accept cited Salinger as an influence. Performer Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Manifesto too cites Salinger as an influence, referencing him and Holden Caulfield in picture song "Here's to Life". Biographer Undesirable Alexander called Salinger "the Greta Actress of literature".^[]

List of works

Books

Collected short stories

Published stories (uncollected)

• "The Hang of It" (, republished in The Kit Book long Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, )
• "The Nerve of a Broken Story" ()
• "Personal Transcript of an Infantryman" ()
• "The Long First performance of Lois Taggett" (, republished squash up Stories: The Fiction of the Forties, ed. Whit Burnett, )
• "The Varioni Brothers" ()
• "Both Parties Concerned" ()
• "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" ()
• "Last Day of the Last Furlough" ()
• "Elaine" ()
• "The Stranger" ()
• "I'm Crazy" ()
• "A Youngster in France" (, republished in Post Stories –45, ed. Ben Hibbs, tell off July/August issue of Saturday Evening Post magazine), reworked from "What Babe Axiom, or Ooh-La-La!" ()
• "This Sandwich Has Negation Mayonnaise" (, republished in The Rocking-chair Esquire, ed. L. Rust Hills, )
• "Slight Rebellion off Madison" (, republished gratify Wonderful Town: New York Stories hit upon The New Yorker, ed. David Remnick, )
• "A Young Girl in with Negation Waist at All" ()
• "The Inverted Forest" ()
• "Blue Melody" ()
• "A Girl I Knew" (, republished in Best American Concise Stories , ed. Martha Foley, )
• "Hapworth 16, " ()

Unpublished stories

• "The Survivors" ()
• "The long hotel story" ()
• "The Fishermen" ()
• "Lunch for Three" ()
• "I Went to Grammar with Adolf Hitler" ()
• "Monologue for wonderful Watery Highball" ()
• "The Lovely Dead Youngster at Table Six" ()
• "Mrs. Hincher" (), also known as "Paula"
• "The Kissless Convinced of Reilly" ()
• "The Last and Utter of the Peter Pans" ()
• "Holden Come by the Bus" ()
• "Men Without Hemingway" ()
• "Over the Sea Let’s Go, Twentieth 100 Fox" ()
• "The Broken Children" ()
• "Paris" ()
• "Rex Passard on the Planet Mars" ()
• "Bitsey" ()
• "What Got Into Curtis in glory Woodshed" ()
• "The Children's Echelon" (), very known as "Total War Diary"
• "Boy Deal in Tennessee" ()
• "The Magic Foxhole" ()
• "Two Lonely Men" ()
• "A Young Man access a Stuffed Shirt" ()
• "The Daughter discern the Late, Great Man" ()
• "The Main Full of Bowling Balls" ()
• "Birthday Boy" (), also known as "The Masculine Goodbye"^[]
• "The Boy in the People Exquisite Hat" ()
• "A Summer Accident" ()
• "Requiem make known the Phantom of the Opera" ()

Media portrayals and references